Sainsbury's and Asda have today confirmed they plan a £12billion super-merger and would launch a price war to fight back against discounters Aldi and Lidl and the emerging threat of Amazon.
Britain's competition watchdog has said today it will look at the deal because the new business would overtake Tesco as the UK's biggest retailer.
The mega-supermarket says its buying power would help lower its prices by 10 per cent with experts saying Asda would take the fight to Lidl and Aldi while Sainsbury's could undercut premium food retailers like M&S and Waitrose.
With a combined 500,000-plus online deliveries every week they also hope to see off the looming threat from Amazon's food service.
The proposed superpower supermarket claims that no stores will close and none of their combined 330,000 staff will be put out of work - but many believe it will have to sell hundreds of stores to get past the Competition and Markets Authority.
Research group Edison believes at least 70 of Asda's 700 stores could be under threat because they are within a mile of a Sainsbury's supermarket.
This morning the Sainsbury's share price jumped up 20 per cent to its highest level since 2014 while main rivals Tesco and Morrisons saw their price fall back today.
Sainsbury's and Asda could be forced to sell hundreds of stores if they are to win approval for their merger from the competition watchdog
Sainsbury's say the mega-merger will help them make £500million in combined saving and help them cut prices on common products by 10 per cent
If Sainsbury's and Asda are allowed to combine their UK operations they would overtake Tesco as Britain's biggest supermarket and retailer
This morning the Sainsbury's share prince jumped up 20 per cent to its highest level since 2014 while rivals Tesco and Morrisons saw their price fall back today
The £12billion mega-merger immediately raised hopes of a supermarket price war that would benefit shoppers and the combined supermarket has promised to lower prices by around 10 per cent on many products. But the alarm was sounded that the new firm would squeeze farmers and other suppliers to keep prices down.
Paul Mumford of Cavendish Asset Management said: 'The indicated 10% lower prices on regularly bought products will have raised eyebrows amongst the food producers who will fear another squeeze on margins'.
Andy Brian, head of retail at Gordons law firm, says that store closures will happen despite what Sainsbury's and Asda say.He said: 'One thing is clear; despite what is being said officially, stores would have to close. That's not necessarily a bad thing for the brands, although it would of course be a bad thing for those store employees.
'Moving forwards, one theory is that this deal could allow Sainsbury's the freedom to compete hard against M&S Food and Waitrose at the top end of the grocery market and leave Asda to compete further on price against the other mid-market players, as well as Aldi and Lidl'.
Simran Jagdev, companies analyst at the Economist Intelligence Unit, says it may have been prompted by the threat of Amazon.
He said: 'The deal points to the highly competitive UK grocery market, which has long been concentrated in the hands of the top four players— Tesco, Sainsbury, Asda, Morrisons - but is now facing an onslaught from new challengers.
'Sainsbury's seems to be continuing the offensive against online players such as Amazon and discount grocery retailers such as Aldi and Lidl that Tesco started last year with its merger with Booker'.
Sainsbury's boss Mike Coupe, Walmart boss Judith McKenna and Asda boss Roger Burnley (left to right) pose together today as the proposed merger between the supermarket giants was revealed
The deal would create a new titan with a bigger market share than Tesco, but it will be closely scrutinised by the Competition and Markets Authority.
The competition watchdog said it will assess whether the deal could reduce competition and choice for shoppers.
'If a potential reduction in competition is identified, it would be referred for an in-depth, Phase 2 investigation lasting up to 24 weeks - unless the merging parties offered immediate proposals to address any competition concerns identified,' the CMA said.
Sainsbury's boss Mike Coupe said they and Asda have asked the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) to fast-track the deal to a phase two in depth probe, adding that the combination is expected to complete in the second half of next year.
'We believe the outcome of the CMA will be to keep all of the stores trading.'
The tie-up is 'designed for a new era' of retailing, Mr Coupe added, before pointing out that Asda has a strong presence in the north of England and Sainsbury's in the south.
'The deal brings scale in clothing and general merchandise,' confirming that Argos stores will be put inside Asda supermarkets.
He also confirmed that the deal has the blessing of the Qatar Investment Authority, Sainsbury's largest shareholder.
At least 75 Asda stores could close following the merger with Sainsbury's, according to GlobalData.
Patrick O'Brien, retail research director at the firm, said: 'While there are no plans to close any stores at this time, regulators will be looking to see how many Asda stores are in close proximity to Sainsbury's stores.
'Seventy-five Asda stores have a Sainsbury's (excluding Locals) in the same sector.
'We think these 75 stores would be the absolute minimum that the CMA will want disposed of.'
It will see Asda owner Walmart hold 42% of the new business and receive £2.97 billion in cash, valuing Asda at £7.3 billion. Sainsbury's is valued at around £5.9 billion.
Asda will still be run from Leeds with its own CEO who will join the Sainsbury's board, which is based in London.
The new supermarket group will have combined revenues of £51 billion and will aim to generate £500 million in cost savings.
David Tyler, Sainsbury's chairman, said: 'We believe that the combination of Sainsbury's and Asda will create substantial value for our shareholders and will be excellent news for our customers and our colleagues.
'As one of the largest employers in the country, the combined business will become an even greater contributor to the British economy.
'The proposal will bring together two of the most experienced and talented management teams in retail at a time when the industry is undergoing rapid change.'
Asda boss Roger Burnley said: 'The combination of Asda and Sainsbury's into a single retailing group will be great news for Asda customers, allowing us to deliver even lower prices in store and even greater choice.
'Asda will continue to be Asda, but by coming together with Sainsbury's, supported by Walmart, we can further accelerate our existing strategy and make our offer even more compelling and competitive'.
The regulator could order the two chains to sell hundreds of stores before it approves the merger.
And the CMA is likely to come under pressure to block the deal altogether to prevent consumers losing choice and to protect farmers, who rely on fair prices from the supermarkets to survive.
John Colley, professor at Warwick Business School, believes that jobs will be lost.
He said: 'Ultimately there has to be job losses and the suppliers will have to pay through lower prices for the larger volumes they may see. Customers will see reduced choice and the current price war is likely to persist'.
The deal would create a new titan with a bigger market share than Tesco, but it will be closely scrutinised by the Competition and Markets Authority
The chains are thought to want to avoid store closures because they serve very different customers, with Sainsbury's focusing on the middle class while Asda targets customers chasing a bargain and has a greater presence in the North.
Both brands are thought likely to continue to be used, even keeping their own head offices, but they are expected to combine their food buying teams and use new-found muscle to drive down prices.
Their tie-up is the biggest change in food retailing since Morrisons swallowed Safeway 14 years ago.
It will turn the Big Four grocers into the Big Three and will make the new group the largest of them all with a combined market share of 31.4 per cent versus Tesco's 27.6 per cent.
Combined, Asda and Sainsbury's will have around 2,000 stores, almost 350,000 staff and annual sales of nearly £50billion.
The fact they are considering the tie-up shows the massive changes that have swept the UK grocery business in the past few years.
German discounters Aldi and Lidl are growing at a ferocious pace, keeping prices far below what British rivals can offer and wooing the middle class with an increasingly high-end range of food.
Any efforts by the merged group to cut their costs is sure to draw a robust response from the Germans.
And unlike Sainsbury's, which is listed on the stock market and must make profits or suffer a fall in its share price, they can afford to lose money for an extended period of time if it helps them win the battle.
Liberal Democrat leader Sir Vince Cable said it is vital that the CMA takes action.
The former business secretary said: 'The competition inquiry has to focus on the customers, that is their job.'
Labour's business spokesman, Rebecca Long-Bailey, said: 'This merger risks squeezing what little competition there is in the groceries market even further and moves alarmingly close to the creation of a supermarket monopoly.' The deal will be a crucial first test for former Tory MP Andrew Tyrie, the ex-head of the Treasury select committee, who is taking over as CMA chairman later this year.
Retail analyst Richard Hyman said: 'This is an enormous deal and there are huge ramifications. The strengthening of buying power is key but no one in this market is going to come close to matching Aldi on price.
The chains serve very different customers, with Sainsbury's focusing on the middle class while Asda targets customers chasing a bargain and has a greater presence in the North
'Aldi is family-owned and in it for the long term – if it needs to not make money for a few years, then it will.'
Tesco is also likely to respond vigorously to the takeover.
Its chief executive, Dave Lewis, is on the brink of completing a major turnaround push at the company and is sure to take aggressive action to stop that being undermined by the rise of the new empire.
Last night it was unclear exactly what form the tie-up will take, with Asda's owner, US retail giant Walmart, expected to retain a significant stake in the new organisation. This could be done in several ways, including by buying a large number of Sainsbury's shares or keeping a holding in Asda and running it as a joint venture.
The deal will also give Sainsbury's and Asda an opportunity to boost the non-food products they offer. Asda has a popular clothing range, George, which serves 800,000 customers a week online alone.
Sainsbury's bought high street chain Argos for £1.4billion in 2016 and has since shut dozens of its stores, replacing them with around 200 Argos outlets inside its supermarkets.
Sainsbury's Tu range of clothes is now available from Argos stores as well.
There will inevitably be speculation that Argos shops will now open inside Asda.
Mr Hyman added that the Sainsbury's buying team will be able to boost Asda's ranges, which are seen by many analysts as tired.
Q&A on Sainsbury's and Asda
Q How big would the combined Sainsbury's and Asda be?
A The two put together would have sales of around £50 billion a year and almost 2,000 stores. If you include Argos, which Sainsbury's bought two years ago, the total is nearer 3,000 shops.
Q Why do the two giant chains need to merge at all?
A Two simple answers: Aldi and Lidl. From virtually nowhere, the German usurpers have taken a 12.6 per cent share of the grocery market in the past decade with their discount prices – and that hurts. The cut-price challengers continue to grow at a rapid rate. Despite a fightback by traditional grocers, estimates suggest the Germans are still 10 per cent cheaper on average.
Q Are they any other factors at play behind the scenes?
A Quite a few factors, actually. Supermarkets have been hit by what Tesco boss Dave Lewis describes as a 'lethal cocktail' of costs and taxes, from the minimum wage to business rates. But they have been the architects of their own problems too, by opening too many stores in a race for space. They are now paying the price.
Q Will the price of my shopping basket go up?
A In theory, no. Sainsbury's and Asda will argue that they will have more buying power together and therefore will be able to pass on price cuts to consumers. But this may not lay to rest concerns that fewer retailers equals less competition, which can lead to higher prices.
Q Will either Asda or Sainsbury's disappear?
A No. The plan is for each chain to keep its own name and brand, at least at first.
Q Will my local store close? And will there be job losses?
A Not in the short term, but job losses are probable in the longer run. And it is unlikely that every store will survive, particularly in towns where Sainsbury's and Asda have outlets close to one another.
Q Who will run the new business if the merger goes ahead?
A Sainsbury's chief executive Mike Coupe is tipped for the top job. Current Asda boss Roger Burnley will continue to run the Asda stores, sources suggest.
Q What is Walmart and what part will it play?
A Walmart is the biggest retailer in the world. With $500 billion (£362 billion) of revenue, it dwarfs Britain's store chains many times over. It is expected to keep a substantial stake in Asda, meaning that the new British firm would have the backing of a powerful American ally.
Q Could the Competition and Markets Authority block it?
A The CMA's job is to prevent companies becoming too dominant and harming consumers, rivals, suppliers and the economy as a whole. It could block the deal totally, but City observers believe it is more likely to order the two grocers to dispose of stores in certain local areas where there are a cluster of them close together, crowding out competitors.
Q How much is the proposed megadeal actually worth?
A Some analysts put it at more than £10bn. But the 'enterprise value', which the City often uses when assessing deals, is closer to £15bn including the pair's debts, bank loans and pension liabilities. Imagine the Nectar points you'd get for that!
'Keep the shops well lit': Last words of the man who founded Sainsbury's in 1869 are revealed as the chain plans for a possible merger with Asda
One has a Victorian legacy, the other was founded in the 1960s, but both chains at the centre of this supermarket mega-merger had humble beginnings.
It was in 1869 that John James Sainsbury and his wife Mary Ann opened a dairy shop on Drury Lane in London.
Legend has it that the couple first opened its doors on April 20, the day they got married.
The first Asda store is pictured in West Yorkshire. After running under the name of 'Queens', the Asquith family merged with Associated Dairies to form Asda (Asquith and Dairies) in 1965
John James Sainsbury and his wife Mary Ann opened the first ever Sainsbury's store (pictured) in 1869 in London's Drury Lane (pictured in 1920)
The man who gave the company its official name, J Sainsbury, died in 1928, when there were 128 shops. 'Keep the shops well lit,' were said to be his last words.
The company pioneered self-service in the 1950s and 1960s.
John Sainsbury's (pictured) opened his first store in Drury Lane, London
This may even have been an inspiration to two Yorkshire butcher's sons who created Asda in 1965 when they merged their Queen's supermarket chain with a local dairy farming enterprise called Associated Dairies.
The name Asda is a combination of the first two letters of the brothers' surname, Asquith, and the first two letters of Dairies.
Asda grew rapidly across the North in the 1970s, with the slogan 'That's Asda Price'. Times got harder in the 1980s, as the Leeds-based group had spread itself too thinly after buying Allied Carpets and furniture business MFI, both of which were subsequently sold.
Archie Norman, who is now chairman of Marks & Spencer, took over as chief executive of Asda in the early 1990s and restored it as a major force in retailing, boosted by the popularity of the best-selling George clothing brand.
Asda was also a management training ground for Justin King and Mike Coupe, who both went on to run Sainsbury's.
Asda was bought by US giant Walmart in 1999 for £6.7 billion.
Sainsbury's had floated on the stock market in 1973. But it struggled in the 1990s, under the leadership of David Sainsbury.
Its turnaround was led by Justin King, who was in charge for ten years until 2014.
The family has retained a stake but is not involved in management. Qatari investors are now the biggest shareholders, owning just under a quarter of the business.
ALEX BRUMMER: Why I believe this £12bn mega merger between Asda and Sainbury's is a deal too far
The unveiling of a £12 billion 'mega-merger' between Sainsbury's and Asda has been met with largely unalloyed excitement.
Big deals between household names raise hopes of something different and better for consumers, lower prices, improved returns for investors — and big fees for City advisers (an estimated £100 million here).
But if we strip away the hype and disabuse ourselves of the belief that something good must come of creating a behemoth of the High Street — combined sales of almost £50 billion a year and a 31.4 per cent grocery market share — it looks far less seductive.
The unveiling of a £12 billion 'mega-merger' between Sainsbury's and Asda has been met with largely unalloyed excitement
I'd go so far as to say this is a deal too far and here is why. First, this is being driven by market weaknesses, not strengths.
Asda is struggling at the lower end of the market, while Sainsbury's is caught in the middle, under pressure from heavily discounted stores and upmarket outlets.
We know from experience that bringing together two companies facing enormous challenges is never a recipe for success.
The last such supermarket merger in the UK, between Morrisons and Safeway in 2004, was an unmitigated disaster.
It took more than a decade to bed down and for customers to get the benefits they were promised. As for investors, which include all of us through our pension funds and insurance policies, well we're still awaiting the promised returns.
Second, however you cut it, a merger taking a major competitor off the market can only, in the longer haul, cut competition and choice with no guarantee of lower prices. Instead of the so-called Big Four — Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury's and Morrisons — we'll have the Big Three.
The best that can be said is that creating one large 'middle-of-the road' supermarket might create opportunities for rivals with something different: Marks & Spencer and Waitrose at the top end, and the German no-frills interlopers Lidl and Aldi at the cheaper end.
Of course, the proprietors of US-owned Asda (Walmart) and Sainsbury's (the biggest shareholders are Qatar and Sainsbury family trusts) have good commercial reasons for wanting this deal.
Walmart, the world's biggest retailer, now views the UK as a problem rather than an opportunity. As well as the Aldi and Lidl effect, consumer disaffection with out-of-town stores and the popularity of online shopping are having an impact.
With a 15.8 per cent share of the UK grocery market, Sainsbury's meanwhile, under Mike 'Cut-price' Coupe, has struggled to keep up with market leader Tesco. The latter has a stonking 27.6 per cent share — enhanced this year by its £3.7 billion takeover of Booker, Britain's largest food wholesaler.
Bringing Sainsbury's and Asda, two companies with very different cultures together, would mean the linked enterprise leapfrogging Tesco as the country's market leader
Sainsbury's sought to challenge Tesco's domination by moving into consumer electronics, toys and other goods via its takeover of Argos and its well-established, digital and home delivery service.
Bringing Sainsbury's and Asda, two companies with very different cultures together, would mean the linked enterprise leapfrogging Tesco as the country's market leader — hence the variety of grandiose promises for a better future.
Yes, there will be opportunities for economies of scale by joining up head offices, warehouse and logistics systems, and far greater bargaining power with suppliers. This, it is said, will enable the merged 'super super-market' to offer shoppers a better deal.
But cost-cutting and merging companies that employ almost 350,000 staff in total will be costly and disruptive, and take years to implement with implications for consumers.
And to emphasise, taking a player out of the market — especially Asda, which prides itself on being the most price-conscious among the Big Four — won't make things better for consumers. That is what monopoly power is all about.
It will also be bad for suppliers, especially British farmers as they seek to adjust to Brexit. A new dominant supermarket chain will have the market power to chisel down the price it pays for fresh produce and ingredients. It will have suppliers over a barrel.
Claims that a fast-changing marketplace demands this merger to meet the Aldi-Lidl challenge must be taken with a pinch of salt. Admittedly, the recent growth in market share for Aldi and Lidl, from virtually nothing to 12.6 per cent, has surprised everyone and surpassed expectations.
Competing with them is difficult for domestic supermarkets because so little is known about the economics of the secretive, privately owned German companies now sweeping across Europe.
As for newcomer Amazon, its fresh food delivery is in its infancy in the UK. It has a lot of catching up to do to match Ocado, Tesco, and Sainsbury's — all of which have embraced the online world. Sainsbury's has 276,000 online deliveries a week, against 225,000 by Asda.
Whatever investors decide about the merger, it cannot go through without detailed investigation by the Competition and Markets Authority regulator.
In the past when the CMA found competition would be substantially reduced, it demanded the sell-off of stores so that no single supermarket dominates an area.
But that fails to address the bigger issues of bargaining power with suppliers. It also fails to determine whether consumers have maximum choice and access to the most competitive prices.
The City and investment community likes deals done and dusted quickly so fees and profits can be taken.
That cannot be acceptable in the grocery market where price, choice and convenience must be the overwhelming criteria for the greater public good.
